Abstract Global biodiversity loss by anthropogenic impacts is an under-recognized form of global environmental change. Global defaunation is still poorly documented in the case of insects, showing a significant decrease in populations and diversity. The blowfly Neta chilensis (Walker 1837) is poorly known and presumed to be confined to southern-South America, with an unclear distributional pattern. It was last collected in 1984. We aimed, through Ecological Niche Models, to identify regions highly suitable for N. chilensis; to test the suitability of regions with doubtful records; to understand the impact that climatic change and human activities have had; and to identify regions with high chances to find it. We compiled 130 presence records from Argentina and Chile and 117 localities where it was sought but not found between 1987 and 2018. Results indicate that suitable conditions are restricted to southern and central Chile and to southwestern Argentina, that doubtful records are predicted in unsuitable areas, that N. chilensis occupies a narrow niche and that its decline is not mainly caused by climate changes but more probably to habitat loss and to the biological invasion. We identified two regions where the chances of finding the species are higher in the case that it is not extinct already.

ABSTRACT Sarcophagid flies belonging to the subfamily Miltogramminae are mainly kleptoparasites of bees and solitary wasps. Twenty-six locations were surveyed to accomplish the first specific exploration on the diversity of Miltogramminae in southern Andean areas of South America. We evaluated changes in abundance, richness and composition among habitat types to establish the effect of anthropization on the Miltogramminae community. Habitat types were considered as human modified (trails and roads, parks and meadows) and natural sites (watercourses and lake beaches, sandy and shrubby areas), distributed in two ecoregions (Valdivian forest and Patagonian steppe). We found differences in the capture rate and composition of Miltogramminae among habitat types. The species Opsidia intonsa Aldrich was highly dominant in samples, with higher proportional abundance in human modified habitats. Richness of Miltogramminae was higher in natural sites. Comparisons between the ecoregions surveyed indicated the genus Opsidia Coquillett did not show differences in abundance between ecoregions, whereas Senotainia Macquart was more abundant in the Patagonian steppe. The results provide evidence on the significant effects of human ¡nfluence on landscapes in kleptoparasitic fly diversity. Slight modifications of natural areas (as proliferation of trails or isolated houses) should be addressed to evaluate the conservation of kleptoparasitic Diptera.

RESUMEN Las moscas sarcofágidas de la subfamilia Miltogramminae son principalmente cleptoparásitos de abejas y avispas solitarias. Se relevaron veintiséis lugares para realizar la primera exploración específica sobre la diversidad de Miltogramminae en áreas andinas del sur de América del Sur. Se evaluaron los cambios en abundancia, riqueza y composición entre tipos de hábitat para establecer el efecto de la antropización en la comunidad de Miltogramminae. Los tipos de hábitat fueron considerados como modificados por el hombre (senderos y caminos, parques y praderas) y sitios naturales (cursos de agua y playas lacustres, áreas arenosas y arbustivas), distribuidos en dos ecorregiones (bosque valdiviano y estepa patagónica). Se hallaron diferencias en la tasa de captura y composición de Miltogramminae entre los tipos de hábitats. La especie Opsidia intonsa Aldrich fue altamente dominante en las muestras, con una mayor abundancia proporcional en hábitats modificados por el hombre. La riqueza de Miltogramminae fue mayor en los sitios naturales. Las comparaciones entre las ecorregiones relevadas indicaron que el género Opsidia Coquillett no mostró diferencias en abundancia entre las ecorregiones, mientras que Senotainia Macquart fue más abundante en la estepa patagónica. Los resultados proporcionan evidencia sobre los efectos significativos que tiene la influencia humana en los paisajes para la diversidad de moscas cleptoparásitas. Leves modificaciones en áreas naturales (como la proliferación de senderos o casas aisladas) merecen una mayor atención para evaluar la conservación de los dípteros cleptoparásitos.

The type specimens of Tachinidae (Diptera) housed in the entomological collection of the Museo de La Plata were examined and listed. The collection contains 47 type specimens consisting of 32 species described by E. E. Blanchard and three described by R. Cortés. Comparison of their original descriptions with the label information reveals the existence of 25 holotypes, 19 syntypes and three paratypes. Complete information is given for each type, including reference to the original description, label data, and preservation condition. A second list is added with specimens labeled as types, but not originally designated as such.

Se provee un listado de los especímenes tipo de Tachinidae (Diptera) depositados en la colección entomológica del Museo de La Plata. La colección contiene 47 especímenes tipo de los cuales 32 especies fueron descritas por E. E. Blanchard y tres especies descritas por R. Cortés. La comparación de las descripciones originales con la información proveniente de las etiquetas revela la existencia de 25 holotipos, 19 sintipos y tres paratipos. Se proporciona información completa para cada tipo, incluida la referencia a la descripción original, los datos de la etiqueta y la condición de conservación. Además, se incluye un listado con especímenes etiquetados como tipos, pero que originalmente no fueron designados como tal.

The biodiversity inventory is an urgent task for insect conservation. Particularly, the urban green spaces (non-built-up areas) within urban environments are a fundamental element to the maintenance and restoration of biodiversity. We describe the diversity of saprophagous Calyptratae in three urban green spaces: a private garden, an urban park, and a natural reserve in Buenos Aires City, Argentina, and we compare the presence of native and cosmopolitan species. A total of 14,688 specimens were collected, representing 62 species. The flies were captured by netting them on attractive baits, rotten viscerae of chicken and dog faeces. The three most abundant species, Cochliomyia macellaria, Tricharaea (Sarcophagula) occidua, and Chrysomya albiceps, represent 81.70 % of the total sample. Native species represented a 67.24 % of the total sample and presented an increase in terms of richness in larger and less modified spaces. Cosmopolitan species treated as "global homogenizers" were identified.

El inventario de la biodiversidad es una tarea urgente para la conservación de los insectos. En particular, los espacios verdes urbanos (áreas sin edificaciones) dentro de entornos urbanos son un elemento fundamental para el mantenimiento y restauración de la biodiversidad. Se describe la biodiversidad de los Calyptratae saprófagos en tres espacios verdes urbanos: un jardín privado, un parque urbano, y una reserva natural en la Ciudad de Buenos Aires, Argentina, y se compara la presencia de especies cosmopolitas y nativas. Un total de 14.688 especímenes fueron colectados, representando 62 especies. Las moscas fueron capturadas con red de mano sobres cebos de atracción, vísceras de pollo en descomposición y heces caninas. Las tres especies más abundantes, Cochliomyia macellaria, Tricharaea (Sarcophagula) occidua, y Chrysomya albiceps, representan el 81,70 % de la muestra total. Las especies nativas representan 62,24 % de la muestra total y muestran un incremento en términos de riqueza en espacios más grandes y menos modificados. Se identificaron las especies cosmopolitas tratadas con "homogenizadores globales".

The Yungas ecoregion is located in the northwest of Argentina, where the ecological information on Calliphoridae is scarce. The aim of this work was to provide the information on richness, composition and abundance of Calliphoridae along urban-rural gradients in the Yungas. Monthly samples were obtained between November 2009 and May 2010 from three localities: San Miguel de Tucumán (urban site), Nueva Esperanza (rural site) and El Taficillo (forest). Eight blowfly species were collected: Lucilia cluvia (Walker), Lucilia sericata (Meigen), Lucilia sp., Chrysomya megacephala (Fabricius), Chrysomya albiceps (Wiedemann), Chrysomya putoria (Wiedemann), Paralucilia pseudolyrcea (Mello) and Calliphora nigribasis Macquart. The Synanthropy Index (SI) was calculated for dominant species. In addition, the association between the abundance of species and the sites was analyzed using Principal Component Analysis. Lucilia cluvia was dominant in all sites and samples, with a slight predominance in sites less affected by urbanization. These results described the assemblage of Calliphoridae present in the lower montane forest in Tucuman, with a high dominance of Lucilia species.

En el noroeste de la Argentina, se encuentra la ecoregión de las Yungas, donde existe escasa información ecológica sobre Calliphoridae. El presente trabajo tuvo como objetivo ampliar el conocimiento sobre la riqueza, la composición y la abundancia de Calliphoridae en tres parches selváticos, en áreas con distinto grado de urbanización. Los muestreos se realizaron mensualmente desde noviembre de 2009 hasta mayo de 2010 en tres localidades: San Miguel de Tucumán (sitio urbano), Nueva Esperanza (sitio rural) y El Taficillo (selva). Se registraron 8 especies: Lucilia cluvia (Walker), Lucilia sericata (Meigen), Lucilia sp., Chrysomya megacephala (Fabricius), Chrysomya albiceps (Wiedemann), Chrysomya putoria (Wiedemann), Paralucilia pseudolyrcea (Mello) y Calliphora nigribasis Macquart. Para las especies más abundantes, se calculó el Índice de Sinantropía (IS). La asociación entre la abundancia de las especies y los sitios fue examinada mediante un Análisis de Componentes Principales (ACP). Lucilia cluvia fue dominante en todos los sitios y muestras, con una leve predominancia hacia sectores menos afectados por la urbanización. Los resultados del presente estudio reflejan la composición de los ensambles de Calliphoridae representativos de la Selva Pedemontana de las Yungas de Tucumán, caracterizados por una fuerte dominancia de especies del genero Lucilia.

A list of species of Calyptratae is firstly disclosed in this work for Otamendi Reserve. This protected area contains a large area housing native species of grasses and woods. We recorded seven families of Calyptratae (Anthomyiidae, Calliphoridae, Fanniidae, Muscidae, Rhinophoridae, Sarcophagidae and Tachinidae) which include 56 species and 33 genera. Anthomyia aurifacies (Albuquerque) (Anthomyiidae), Myospila fluminensis Couri & Lopes (Muscidae) and the genus Thomazomyia (Sarcophagidae) are new records for Argentina. Four species of Fanniidae, 4 species of Muscidae and 3 species of Sarcophagidae are reported from Buenos Aires province for the first time. The richness was higher in the forest (44 species) and Sarcophagidae (20 species) and Muscidae (12 species) exhibited higher species richness than the remaining families. We registered 20% new taxa for the province.

La Reserva Natural Estricta Otamendi (RNEO) conserva una importante extensión de pastizales y zonas boscosas con vegetación nativa. En el presente trabajo, se presenta la primera lista de especies de dípteros caliptrados de la Reserva. Se registraron 56 especies y 33 géneros pertenecientes a siete familias (Anthomyiidae, Calliphoridae, Fanniidae, Muscidae, Rhinophoridae, Sarcophagidae y Tachinidae). Se citan, por primera vez para la Argentina, Anthomyia aurifacies (Albuquerque) (Anthomyiidae), Myospila fluminensis Couri & Lopes (Muscidae) y el género Thomazomyia (Sarcophagidae). Además, se registran por primera vez para la provincia de Buenos Aires 4 especies de Fanniidae, 4 de Muscidae y 3 de Sarcophagidae. La diversidad fue mayor en el ambiente de bosque (44 especies) y las familias con mayor riqueza fueron Sarcophagidae (20 especies) y Muscidae (12 especies). Se registró un 20 % de nuevos taxones para la provincia.

The type specimens of Sarcophagidae housed in the collection of Museo Argentino de Ciencias Naturales "Bernardino Rivadavia" (MACN) are listed. A total of 82 type specimens were examined. The types belong to 33 nominal species of Sarcophaginae described by E. E. Blanchard (25 species), J. Brèthes (3), H. Lopes (4), and T. Pape (1). For each taxon, information on the labels, original publications and conditions of the specimens are given.

Se presenta una lista de los ejemplares tipo de Sarcophagidae, depositados en la colección del Museo Argentino de Ciencias Naturales "Bernardino Rivadavia" (MACN). Se examinaron un total de 82 ejemplares tipo. Estos especímenes pertenecen a 33 especies de Sarcophaginae descriptas por E. E. Blanchard (25 especies), J. Brèthes (3), H. Lopes (4) y T. Pape (1). Se brinda información sobre las etiquetas, publicaciones originales y condición de los especímenes de cada taxón.

The genus Ophyra Robineau-Desvoidy is a necrophagous group of Muscidae distributed in warm climates worldwide. The information here presented is based on the compilation of distributional data obtained from material of different collections and bibliography for Argentina. Ophyra albuquerquei Lopes, Ophyra capensis (Wiedemann), Ophyra chalcogaster (Wiedemann) and Ophyra solitaria Albuquerque were recorded for the first time for the country. A key for the Argentinean species is presented. Biological and forensic data of species are discussed.

El género Ophyra Robineau-Desvoidy es un grupo de múscidos necrófagos distribuidos en los climas cálidos de todo el mundo. La información aquí presentada se basa en la recopilación de datos de distribución, obtenida a partir del material de diferentes colecciones y bibliografía para la Argentina. Ophyra albuquerquei Lopes, Ophyra capensis (Wiedemann), Ophyra chalcogaster (Wiedemann) y Ophyra solitaria Albuquerque se registraron por primera vez para el país. Se presenta una clave para las especies argentinas. Se discuten los datos biológicos y forenses de las distintas especies.

The false stable fly, Muscina stabulans (Fallén), was surveyed along an urban-rural gradient at Almirante Brown, Buenos Aires province, Argentina. Samples were taken at monthly intervals from May 2005 to April 2007. Hourly captures of adult flies (10:00 am - 04:00 pm) were taken at each sampling date with a hand net. The baits used were 250 g of rotten cow liver and 250 g of fresh dog faeces exposed in shaded and sunny areas. The entire sample accumulated 358 specimens. The number of specimens captured during the second year was higher than in the fi rst year. Muscina stabulans was more abundant at urban-suburban sites. Females showed significant preferences for cow liver. We caught more specimens in shaded areas. The hourly activity increased toward the afternoon at the three sites. The present work was the first ecological study related to a muscid species in Argentina.

Species composition, relative abundance, sex ratio and habitat preference of blowflies (Diptera: Calliphoridae) from Caleta Olivia, Puerto Deseado, and Puerto San Julián (Santa Cruz Province, Argentina) were studied during late spring and summer in 2004-2005. Results showed a higher prevalence of the exotic species, Calliphora vicina (Robineau-Desvoidy) and Phaenicia sericata (Meigen) at urban sites over the natives, Compsomyops fulvicrura (Robineau-Desvoidy) and Sarconesia chlorogaster (Wiedemann), which shows a strong preference for those sampling sites either not inhabited or less influenced by human activities. Sex ratio was female biased for all species, except for Sarconesia chlorogaster, which exhibited a male prevalence over females.

Durante fines de la primavera-verano de 2004-2005, se analizó la composición, abundancia relativa y proporción de sexos de especies de Calliphoridae (Diptera) en las localidades de Caleta Olivia, Puerto Deseado y Puerto San Julián (Provincia de Santa Cruz, Argentina). Tres sitios de muestreo afectados diferencialmente por la intervención humana fueron seleccionados en cada localidad. En las áreas urbanas, las especies exóticas Calliphora vicina (Robineau-Desvoidy) y Phaenicia sericata (Meigen) fueron dominantes. Por el contrario, las nativas Compsomyiops fulvicrura (Robineau-Desvoidy) y Sarconesia chlorogaster (Wiedemann) predominaron tanto en áreas inhabitadas como en aquellas con bajo impacto humano. En los cebos utilizados para las capturas, se observó mayor proporción de hembras en todas las especies, excepto Sarconesia chlorogaster que mostró mayor proporción de machos.

We conducted a whole year research on the ecology of Mansonia indubitans and Ma. titillans in Macáes Pond, Costanera Sur Reserve, Buenos Aires, Argentina. The usage of different floating plants by immature instars and their overwintering was analized. The percentage of usage of the available floating macrophytes (Pistia, Limnobium, and Salvinia) by the larvae and pupae was studied. Also, we defined positivity (P+) as the percentage of plants with immature instars for each plant genus on a monthly basis. Ma. immature instars were captured throughout the year and Pistia was the resource most commonly exploited by the mosquitoes. The percentage of fourth-instar larvae and pupae on Pistia roots with respect to total immature instars captured was assessed on a monthly and seasonal basis. The proportion of fourth-instar larvae and pupae from both species of Mansonia on water lettuce roots, showed significant differences between months and seasons. Our results suggest that the populations of Ma. indubitans and Ma. titillans in Macáes Pond, survive during winter mainly as fourth-instar larvae.